After more than four decades listed as Endangered (since 1982), this momentous change, announced last week at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Abu Dhabi, reflects the fact that the global green turtle population has increased significantly in recent decades. It’s a powerful reminder that when we act with determination and coordination, we can reverse the trajectory of species decline.

Green turtles are now considered ‘Least Concern’ by the IUCN thanks to decades of international conservation effort at all scales. The species was previously considered ‘Endangered’ since 1982. © Michele Roux / Ocean Image Bank

What the Green Turtle’s Status Improvement Means

The move of the green turtle into the Least Concern category is based on robust data showing that the global population of green turtles has increased by approximately 28% since the 1970s, even as many threats remain. Their recovery has been driven by comprehensive conservation strategies implemented over decades, including:

• Protecting nesting females and their eggs on beaches
• Community-based programs to reduce unsustainable harvest of turtles and eggs
• Curtailing trade in turtle products
• Implementing Turtle Excluder Devices and other measures to reduce accidental capture in fishing gear

Conservation efforts in places like Ascension Island, Brazil, Mexico, and Hawai’i have been particularly successful, with some populations rebounding to near pre-commercial exploitation levels.

“The ongoing global recovery of the green turtle is a powerful example of what coordinated global conservation over decades can achieve to stabilize and even restore populations of long-lived marine species.”

– Roderic Mast, President, Oceanic Society

The Work Must Continue

While this is undoubtedly cause for celebration, it’s important to recognize that this success is not a finish line, but rather an important milestone on an ongoing journey. The conservation measures that brought green turtles back from the edge must continue if we want to maintain this positive trajectory.

In spite of their recent population growth, green turtle populations are still significantly depleted compared to their abundance before European colonization and widespread exploitation. Today, they still face serious threats, including:

• Direct harvest of turtles and eggs in some regions
• Fisheries bycatch
• Coastal and marine development that damages critical habitats
• Climate change impacts on nesting beaches and marine habitats.

In particular, some regional subpopulations remain at significant risk. For example, the Southwest Pacific subpopulation, which includes the world’s largest nesting rookery at Raine Island, Australia, has experienced several years of declining hatchling production due to erosion and nest inundation associated with climate change.

Sustained investment, local community engagement, and adaptive management remain crucial to keep the green turtle on a positive trajectory.

Researchers from the Anambas Foundation, supported by Oceanic Society in 2024, collect data on a nesting green turtle in Indonesia. Sustained global conservation efforts are needed to keep the green turtle on a positive trajectory. © Anambas Foundation

Oceanic Society’s Role in Sea Turtle Conservation

Oceanic Society’s sea turtle work is deeply embedded in the IUCN-SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group (MTSG), which led the new assessment, and related global efforts. Through our State of the World’s Sea Turtles (SWOT) program, we maintain a global database of sea turtle status and support conservation decision-making, often in partnership with MTSG.

Our staff serve in leadership roles in the MTSG, helping ensure that the group’s scientific output and priority setting contribute to conservation decision making at multiple scales. These roles allow Oceanic Society to help shape Red Listing and other priority setting efforts to guide the conservation community.

Moreover, our financial support to on-the-ground conservation efforts, including nesting beach protection, community engagement, bycatch mitigation, outreach, and more, works in parallel with these high-level scientific processes to translate priorities into action.

In addition to supporting high level status assessments and priority setting for sea turtles, Oceanic Society provides financial support to conservationists working in communities worldwide. A 2025 grant to Campamento Tortuguero Ayotlcalli in Mexico is bolstering their work to inspire a new generation of sea turtle stewards.

A Vision for the Future

As Oceanic Society president, Roderic Mast, emphasizes, effective sea turtle conservation must focus not only on the turtles themselves but on “keeping their habitats healthy, and their ecological functions intact. Sea turtles cannot survive without healthy oceans and coasts, and humans can’t either.”

The green turtle’s recovery demonstrates what’s possible when conservationists, governments, local communities, scientists, and organizations work together over the long term. It’s a testament to persistence, partnership, and the power of science-based conservation action.

At Oceanic Society, we remain committed to advancing sea turtle conservation through our investments in both global and local conservation efforts in high-priority areas. This achievement inspires us to continue our efforts, not only for green turtles, but for all marine species and the ocean ecosystems we all depend on.

The green turtle’s journey from Endangered to Least Concern proves that conservation works. Now, we must sustain that work to ensure this recovery story continues for generations to come.

Learn More About Sea Turtle Conservation

• Learn all about sea turtles in our Sea Turtles 101 video and Ultimate Guide to Sea Turtles.
• Learn more about Oceanic Society’s sea turtle conservation work here.
• Learn about the work of the IUCN-SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group here.

New Video Released: Sea Turtles 101

Read More

Support Sea Turtle Conservation

Oceanic Society offers several ways for you to support sea turtle conservation. You can adopt a sea turtle species, name a leatherback turtle, name a satellite-tracked leatherback turtle, or make a donation in support of our conservation programs.

Looking to have a more hands-on conservation impact? Consider joining our sea turtle volunteer trip in Trinidad, offered every May. You’ll work side by side with local researchers to help study and protect leatherback sea turtles on the eastern shore of Trinidad.

To help inspire your next trip, we’ve rounded up some of the best places to travel in 2026 — from classic cultural capitals to remote, conservation-driven experiences.

• Indonesia
• Japan
• Italy
• Brazil
• Sri Lanka
• Galapagos Islands
• Tonga
• New Zealand
• Montenegro & Albania
• Palau
• Georgia
• Rwanda
• Zanzibar
• Svalbard
• Borneo
• Mongolia

Top Adventure Destinations in 2026

Indonesia

Indonesia’s remote archipelagos beckon oceanic adventurers with unrivaled marine biodiversity, best explored through expert-guided liveaboard trips that prioritize sustainability. In 2026, skip tourist-packed hubs like Bali and immerse yourself in Raja Ampat—known as the “Amazon of the Seas”—alongside hidden gems like Alor, Halmahera, Sulawesi, and the Banda Sea. These destinations, often accessed via liveaboard ships or select ecolodges, offer thrilling snorkeling and scuba diving, whale and bird watching, and volcanic island adventures, led by conservation-focused organizations for unforgettable marine journeys.

Raja Ampat’s many islands and bays support extensive coral reefs. © Brian Hutchinson

Top Experiences in Indonesia

• Snorkel Raja Ampat’s vibrant reefs on a luxury liveaboard, in the company of expert naturalists who will guide you to the region’s best snorkeling spots. Glide between the limestone and jungle-clad islands with a small group of travelers.
• Explore Alor’s untouched reefs and crystal clear waters from a land-based luxury ecolodge, where blue whales are often seen off the coast.
• Venture into the remote islands of Sulawesi and Halmahera via luxury liveaboard, with stunning reefs, volcanic landscapes, and jungled islands. These islands offer a similar experience to Raja Ampat with a quieter, more intimate feel.
• Explore the Banda Sea, a pocket of Indonesia that is a hotspot for whales, dolphins, hammerhead sharks, and stunning islands and reefs forged by volcanoes.

Japan

Japan’s allure as a top travel destination continues to soar, captivating adventurers with its seamless blend of ancient traditions and cutting-edge modernity. With tourism booming after the Tokyo Olympics and fueled further by the Osaka World Expo, it’s easier than ever to explore Japan’s iconic cherry blossoms, high-speed bullet trains, and pristine coral reefs. From samurai-era temples to vibrant cityscapes, Japan offers unforgettable experiences for 2026 travelers seeking culture, nature, and adventure.

Delicate pink cherry blossom branches in full bloom in front of Osaka castle, evoking the serene beauty of sakura season in Osaka’s parks. Photo by Bagus Pangestu

Top Experiences in Japan

• Witness the fleeting beauty of cherry blossom (sakura) season from late March to early May in Kyoto, where historic temples, traditional tea houses, and samurai-era architecture create a timeless backdrop.
• Ride a high-speed bullet train (shinkansen) across Japan’s diverse landscapes, from the snow-capped peaks of the Japanese Alps to the coastal vistas of the Pacific, with seamless connections between vibrant cities.
• Explore Tokyo’s electric urban scene, from the neon-lit streets of Shibuya and Akihabara to Michelin-starred dining and hidden izakayas, offering a taste of Japan’s cutting-edge modernity.
• Hike or ski in Hokkaido’s pristine wilderness, where volcanic landscapes, national parks, and world-famous snow volume in winter make it a year-round adventure hub.
• Dive into Okinawa’s tropical waters, snorkeling or diving among vibrant coral reefs and historic World War II-era shipwrecks, surrounded by turquoise seas.
• Immerse in spiritual traditions at Mount Koya, staying in a shukubo (temple lodging) to experience Buddhist rituals, vegetarian cuisine, and serene forest trails.

Italy

If there’s one destination that consistently tops travel bucket lists, it’s Italy. Blending world-class ancient history and breathtaking landscapes with unparalleled cuisine, Italy offers an endless array of experiences. In 2026, the Winter Olympics in Cortina d’Ampezzo will spotlight the dramatic Dolomites, drawing adventure seekers to its ski slopes and hiking trails. Beyond the iconic cities of Rome, Florence, and Venice, lesser-visited regions like Sicily and Puglia offer uncrowded beaches, volcanic adventures, and authentic cultural immersion, making Italy a must-visit for those craving history, nature, and culinary delights.

Discover the enchanting peaks of the Dolomites in Italy—a breathtaking alpine panorama where rugged mountains meet rolling green hillsides. Image by Harry Burgess from Pixabay.

Top Experiences in Italy

• Hike Mount Etna’s volcanic trails in Sicily, then savor a wine tour in the Etna Valley, tasting unique Etna Rosso and Etna Bianco wines grown in mineral-rich volcanic soil.
• Explore Ostani, the coastal gem of Puglia, with white-washed architecture, panoramic views, restaurants in cobblestone alleys, and some of the best beaches in Italy, with a fraction of the crowds.
• Ski or hike in Cortina d’Ampezzo, the Dolomites’ premier resort town, where world-class slopes and rugged trails come alive during the February 2026 Winter Olympics.
• Cycle through Tuscany’s rolling hills, exploring medieval villages like San Gimignano and Siena, paired with tastings of Chianti wines and farm-to-table cuisine.
• Sail, kayak, and swim along the Amalfi Coast, weaving through turquoise waters, sea caves, and cliffside towns, with opportunities to hike the scenic Path of the Gods.

Brazil

Brazil remains a top destination for luxury travelers looking to experience white-sand beaches, tropical paradise, and vibrant culture, which in some cases is all packed into a single city, like Rio de Janeiro. But Brazil also captivates adventurous travelers with its unmatched biodiversity, from the world’s largest tropical wetland in the Pantanal to pristine marine sanctuaries like Fernando de Noronha. In 2026, the Oceanic Society’s expert-led Pantanal safaris offer a thrilling alternative to classic African safaris, immersing travelers in a wildlife haven of jaguars and giant otters. Beyond the Pantanal, Brazil’s natural wonders and conservation-focused adventures provide a fresh, sustainable way to explore this vibrant country, far from the usual tourist crowds.

Soar over Brazil’s Pantanal where wetlands meet meandering rivers in a symphony of wild beauty. This aerial glimpse reveals the world’s largest tropical wetland—home to jaguars, caimans, and endless horizons. Image by Jose Sabino from Pixabay.

Top Experiences in Brazil 

• Embark on a wildlife safari through the Pantanal, boating along the Cuiabá River to track wild jaguars (the highest density in the world), giant river otters, and anteaters, guided by expert naturalists. Experience the Pantanal and you’ll quickly understand why Brazil’s safari industry is poised to boom in 2026.
• Discover the marine wonders of Fernando de Noronha, a protected archipelago and ecological sanctuary located off the coast of Brazil, where you’ll see an abundance of sea life, including sea turtles, dolphins, and reef sharks while snorkeling or diving. Strict conservation measures here ensure a sustainable adventure.
• Hike the trails of Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, a biodiverse highland with waterfalls and rare species, offering a land-based complement to Brazil’s marine and wetland adventures.
• Hike up Sugarloaf Mountain for the best view of Rio de Janeiro, its stunning coastline, and the iconic Christ the Redeemer statue.

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, a vibrant island just larger than West Virginia, packs a remarkable range of adventures into its compact borders, making it a top pick for 2026 travelers seeking culture, wildlife, and thrills. From ancient Buddhist ruins to leopard-filled national parks and world-class surfing, this eco-conscious destination offers something for every adventurer. With recent investments in tourism infrastructure, Sri Lanka is easier than ever to explore, inviting travelers to discover its lush jungles, pristine beaches, and rich heritage beyond the usual tourist trails.

Hidden gems of Sri Lanka: A gentle giant navigates the lush brush of Yala National Park, where ancient rhythms of the wild still echo. Image by Oleksandr Pidvalnyi from Pixabay

Top Experiences in Sri Lanka

• Explore the ancient capitals of Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa, with iconic Buddhist monasteries built inside caves.
• Ride the waves of Arugam Bay, one of Asia’s surfing meccas, or just lounge on its stunning beach.
• Go on a wildlife safari in Yala National Park, searching for leopards, elephants, and sloth bears in one of Asia’s top biodiversity hotspots.

Galápagos Islands

The Galápagos Islands, a remote archipelago off Ecuador’s coast, captivate wildlife enthusiasts with species found nowhere else, from playful sea lions to giant tortoises, making it a bucket-list ecotourism destination for 2026. Beyond the islands, mainland Ecuador’s Amazon jungles and Andean peaks offer thrilling contrasts, ensuring a journey packed with biodiversity and adventure, far from typical tourist trails.

Photographer kneels low to capture a close-up of a massive Galapagos tortoise lumbering across cracked volcanic terrain. © Pete Oxford

Top Experiences in Galápagos Islands and Ecuador:

• Cruise through the Galápagos Islands under the guidance of expert naturalists, visiting islands like Santa Cruz, Isabela, and Fernandina to marvel at endemic species such as Galápagos penguins, marine iguanas, and giant tortoises, while snorkeling and hiking volcanic highlands.
• Dive or snorkel in the Galápagos’ marine reserve, encountering sea turtles, reef sharks, sea lions, and penguins with eco-conscious tours that support marine protection
• Explore Ecuador’s Amazon and cloud forest, looking for monkeys, parrots, and other wildlife in the remote rainforest of Yasuní National Park, or hiking misty cloud forests like Mindo to discover vibrant orchids and hummingbirds on guided eco-tours.
• Trek through the “Avenue of the Volcanoes”, a 200-mile corridor near the capital of Quito, lined by volcanoes in the Andes, where snowcapped peaks rise above emerald valleys.

Tonga

Tonga, a remote South Pacific paradise, is a dream destination for oceanic adventurers in 2026, offering one of the world’s rare opportunities to swim with humpback whales. While watching these majestic creatures breach and spiral from a zodiac is a classic wildlife experience, nothing compares to sharing the water with them up close. Beyond its whale encounters, Tonga boasts vibrant coral reefs, famously warm and welcoming locals, and pristine beaches—perfect for relaxing after a day at sea.

Top Experiences in Tonga:

• Swim with humpback whales off Vava’u, guided by Oceanic Society experts, locking eyes with these gentle giants as they nurse their young in crystal-clear waters, an unforgettable eco-adventure.
  
• Snorkel or dive Tonga’s vibrant coral reefs, exploring Vavaʻu’s sheltered coves and underwater gardens around Ha’apai or Tongatapu, encountering colorful fish and sea turtles.
• Immerse in Tongan culture on Tongatapu, joining guided visits to ancient trilithon ruins and local villages, where warm hospitality and traditional feasts showcase the island’s heritage.

New Zealand

New Zealand, a land of glacier-carved mountains, vibrant marine sanctuaries, and rich Māori culture, stands out as a top eco-adventure destination for 2026. From Queenstown’s adrenaline-pumping activities like white-water rafting, paragliding, and mountain biking to Kaikōura’s whale-filled waters, this compact nation offers thrilling experiences amid stunning landscapes. With a strong commitment to conservation and sustainable tourism, New Zealand invites travelers to explore its fjords, beaches, and wine regions, making it an ideal escape for nature lovers and thrill-seekers.

The Wanaka Tree stands defiant in the glassy embrace of Lake Wanaka, New Zealand. A must-see for 2026 wanderers seeking soul-stirring solitude. Photo by Nathan Cowley

Top Experiences in New Zealand

• Trek the Milford Track or Tongariro Alpine Crossing, two of New Zealand’s nine “Great Walks”, which showcase the country’s dramatic fjords, volcanoes, and alpine valleys.
• Go whale watching in Kaikōura, a marine sanctuary where sperm whales, orcas, and dolphins thrive thanks to local conservation protections.
  
  
• Kayak or hike in Wanaka, gliding across Lake Wanaka or trekking Roy’s Peak, soaking in alpine views and serene landscapes.
• Hike or bike around Mount Cook, exploring New Zealand’s highest peak and Lake Pukaki’s lupine-lined shores with eco-tours in Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park.
• Hike or mountain bike through Fiordland National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site of glacier-carved fjords and dramatic waterfalls.

Montenegro & Albania

Looking to escape the crowds of Europe but still want to enjoy stunning Mediterranean coastlines and dramatic mountains? Consider heading to Montenegro or Albania for your next European adventure in 2026. While the environments of these Balkan countries are undeniably stunning, many of their alpine towns, like Gjirokastë in Albania, have a fusion of Roman and Ottoman architecture that creates an east-meets-west blending of history and culture.

A lone sailboat glides across the Adriatic near Kotor, Montenegro. Terracotta roofs, ancient stone towers, and limestone cliffs rise dramatically from the sea. Your ultimate Balkan escape awaits! Photo by Rufina Rusakova.

Top Experiences in Montenegro & Albania

• Hike Montenegro’s Durmitor National Park, near the dramatic Tara Canyon, a UNESCO site, showcasing alpine meadows and rare wildlife like chamois.
• Embark to Skadar, a vast lake that sits in a pristine wetland environment that is home to a diverse cast of birds and wildlife.
• Relax or sail along Albania’s Adriatic Riviera, where mountains collide with white-sand beaches and turquoise waters from Himara to Ksamil. These areas rival some of the best in the Mediterranean – without the crowds.
• Discover Gjirokastër’s Ottoman and Roman heritage, wandering UNESCO-listed stone streets and ancient bazaars on guided cultural tours, blending history with Balkan charm.

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Emerging Travel Destinations to Watch in 2026

Palau

Palau, a remote island nation in Micronesia no larger than Rhode Island, is home to one of the densest concentrations of marine life in the world. Its marine ecosystems are strictly protected by the government, including the world’s first shark sanctuary, making Palau a global model for innovative conservation. For travelers, this means near-endless world-class snorkeling opportunities packed into an easily manageable itinerary. It’s no wonder Palau is quickly emerging as one of the top destinations for snorkeling enthusiasts in 2026.

Aerial view of Palau’s dramatic Rock Islands, featuring jagged limestone karsts rising from turquoise lagoons, with a small boat anchored nearby as colorful snorkelers dive into the crystal-clear waters teeming with coral reefs. Photo by Udi Bornovski

Top Experiences in Palau

• Snorkel the legendary Rock Islands, a UNESCO World Heritage Site defined by mushroom-shaped limestone islands that rise from turquoise waters, providing habitat to over 1,500 fish and 385 hard coral species.
• Visit the dream-like Jellyfish Lake, where you can swim among millions of harmless jellyfish in one of the planet’s most unique marine environments.
• Dive Palau’s Blue Corner or German Channel to encounter reef sharks, manta rays, and vibrant coral walls in one of the world’s top dive sites.
• Discover Palau’s cultural heritage in Koror, visiting ancient stone monoliths and traditional bai meeting houses on eco-conscious cultural tours, blending history with sustainability.

Georgia

Georgia, nestled in the heart of the Caucasus Mountains with a stunning Black Sea coast, offers an irresistible blend of ancient wine traditions, rugged landscapes, and vibrant culture. Nestled in the dramatic Caucasus Mountains and bordered by the Black Sea to the west, Georgia offers an affordable, off-the-beaten-path European adventure, making it an ideal destination to explore in 2026. When you arrive in Tbilisi, you might even be handed a bottle of saparavi by the customs officer as they stamp your passport—such is the pride Georgians take in their wine-making traditions, which they claim are the oldest in the world. 

Panoramic view of the Caucasus Mountains in Georgia, showcasing steep rocky cliffs adorned with lush green hills and forests, rising dramatically against a clear blue sky with scattered clouds. Image by Ines Hirschauer from Pixabay.

Top Experiences in Georgia

• Visit Sighnaghi’s wine country, a picturesque castle town that rises above sprawling vineyards. Make sure to taste a Rkatsiteli, a delicious orange wine unique to the region.
• Head into the heart of the Caucasus Mountains to view the iconic Gergeti Trinity Church, set against the backdrop of the dramatic Mount Kazbek.
• Wander the winding cobblestone roads of old-town Tbilisi, where the aroma of cheese-pies fills the air and wine shops are tucked into shadowy corners.
• Explore the Black Sea coast at Batumi, relaxing on pebble beaches or kayaking along pristine shores, highlighting Georgia’s coastal biodiversity.

Rwanda

Rwanda, the “Land of a Thousand Hills,” shines as one of Africa’s premier ecotourism destinations for 2026, offering unforgettable wildlife encounters in its lush forests and savannas. Renowned for mountain gorilla trekking and the successful reintroduction of lions and rhinos, Rwanda blends thrilling safaris with vibrant cultural heritage and rolling landscapes. With a strong commitment to conservation and sustainable tourism, this compact nation invites adventurers to explore its biodiversity and warm hospitality, far from Africa’s more crowded safari trails.

Close-up portrait of a majestic silverback mountain gorilla in Rwanda, with dark fur, intense amber eyes, and expressive face peering through dense green foliage in a misty rainforest habitat. Witness the wild heart of Rwanda in 2026—up close and unforgettable. Photo by The World Hopper.

Top Experiences in Rwanda 

• Trek through the misty forests of Volcanoes National Park to encounter mountain gorillas up close, guided by expert rangers and trackers.
• Embark on a safari in Akagera National Park, spotting reintroduced lions, rhinos, and elephants with eco-conscious guides in a biodiverse savanna.
• Visit Nyungwe Forest National Park, one of Africa’s oldest rainforests, for the opportunity to see chimpanzees while on a canopy walk high above the treetops.

Zanzibar

Zanzibar lies at the heart of a historical crossroads for African, Arab, and Indian traders — and this influence is visible in everything from its architecture and cuisine to bustling markets and music. With pristine white-sand beaches, thriving coral reefs, and lush inland forests, this emerging eco-tourism hotspot offers a perfect mix of cultural immersion and natural wonders, making it an emerging adventure travel destination in 2026. 

Traditional wooden boats bob gently on Zanzibar’s pristine shores in Tanzania, where azure waves meet powdery sands. Image by Klimentgrozdanoski from Pixabay.

Top Experiences in Zanzibar

• Sail aboard a traditional dhow at sunset, gliding over turquoise waters with panoramic views of the Indian Ocean.
• Snorkel at Mnemba Atoll, a coral reef teeming with fish, sea turtles, and dolphins.
• Explore Stone Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, where carved wooden doors, bustling spice markets, and historic mosques reflect centuries of blended heritage.
• Explore Jozani Chwaka Bay National Park, trekking through lush forests to spot rare red colobus monkeys and mangroves.

Svalbard

This remote and dramatic archipelago off Norway lies near the North Pole and offers travelers one of the purest Arctic experiences in the world: glacial fjords, sea ice, walruses, and abundant polar bears. Longyearbyen, the hub for exploring Svalbard, is the world’s northernmost town, and hosts a small community of researchers who provide guided excursions – with programs that often support their frontline conservation efforts.

Vast sea ice stretches endlessly near Barentsburg in Svalbard, where nature’s chill carves timeless patterns on the fjord. Dare to explore this icy frontier? Image by Simona Ricci from Pixabay.

Top Experiences in Svalbard

• Embark on a boat expedition through Svalbard’s icy fjords, like the legendary Isfjorden, viewing glaciers and icebergs, in search of polar bears, walruses, and seabird colonies.
• Kayak or snowshoe in Adventfjorden, exploring Arctic waters or snowy trails near Longyearbyen with sustainable guides, immersing in Svalbard’s pristine wilderness.
• Search for Arctic wildlife on Spitsbergen, trekking or cruising with eco-guides to encounter reindeer, Arctic foxes, and seals in their natural habitat.

Borneo

Borneo, the world’s third-largest island, boasts ancient rainforests teeming with wildlife, including orangutans, pygmy elephants, red leaf langurs, and clouded leopards. Its marine environment is equally spectacular, lying within the famed Coral Triangle and home to some of the healthiest coral reefs on Earth. Guided by conservation experts like the Oceanic Society, travelers can explore this emerging rainforest destination through sustainable wildlife and marine adventures, including an optional extension to snorkel in world-famous Sipadan. 

The majestic treetops of Danum Valley Conservation Area, safeguarding 43,800 hectares of irreplaceable rainforest teeming with life. A vital haven for orangutans, pygmy elephants, and untold species. © Charles Ryan

Top Experiences in Borneo

• Embark on a river safari along the long and winding Kinabatangan River in search of proboscis monkeys, pygmy elephants, and cloud leopards.
• Trek through the Danum Valley, a vast and ancient jungle, home to orangutans, who live in towering trees that grow over 300 feet tall.
• Visit the Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre and the Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre to support conservation efforts for these endangered animals.
• Snorkel or scuba dive at Sipadan Island, diving into one of the world’s top marine sites, teeming with sea turtles, reef sharks, and vibrant corals.

Mongolia

Mongolia offers a truly unique adventure, where vast steppes, the Gobi Desert, and the Altai Mountains provide a dramatic backdrop to centuries-old nomadic traditions. Travelers can immerse themselves in daily life with nomadic herders, learn from golden eagle trainers, go horseback riding, and feel a deep connection to the land and sky. With new flight paths offered to the capital, Ulanbatar, Mongolia is poised to emerge as a top adventure travel destination in 2026. 

Nomadic Mongolian herders on horseback traverse vast golden desert dunes, with majestic golden eagles perched alertly on their outstretched arms, wings poised for flight. Photo by Julia Volk.

Top Experiences in Mongolia 

• Trek Mongolia’s steppes on horseback, staying in traditional yurts with nomadic herders on eco-conscious tours, immersing in the vast, open landscapes of the central plains.
• Visit the ancient nomadic hunters of the Altai Mountains in the western region of Mongolia, and watch as they train golden eagles to catch their prey.
• Explore the Gobi Desert’s dramatic dunes, camping under star-filled skies with eco-guides, discovering fossils and rare wildlife like Bactrian camels.
• Experience the Naadam Festival in Ulaanbaatar (held annually in July), celebrating Mongolia’s nomadic heritage, including wrestling, archery, and horse racing amid vibrant festivities.

Travel Trends to Watch in 2026

• Sustainable Tourism Growth – According to Radical Storage’s Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism Statistics 2025, 84% of global travelers in 2025 now prioritize sustainable travel when booking trips. Demand for eco-lodges and community-led eco-tourism is expected to rise.
• Adventure Travel Boom – Valued at $400+ billion in 2024, adventure tourism is projected to grow, with safaris, hiking treks, and snorkeling excursions leading demand. This trend is largely driven by younger travelers and digital nomads.
• Last Chance Tourism – Travelers in 2026 are expected to be increasingly drawn to destinations like glaciers and coral reefs that are threatened by climate change. But visiting these fragile environments requires careful planning with sustainable operators who prioritize conservation.
• Shifting Tourism Policies – Longstanding tourism hotspots like Spain, France, and Italy are introducing stricter caps and fees to manage overtourism. In contrast, emerging destinations like Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Georgia, and even Svalbard are investing in tourism infrastructure.

Travel Tips for 2026

• Book smart: Studies show booking flights 18–29 days before departure saves up to 17% (Expedia, 2025).
• Choose sustainability: Ethical, sustainable tourism is a powerful tool that can transform economies and ensure that nature is treasured rather than exploited. Be sure to do your research, book stays at ethical eco-lodges, and work with local guides who prioritize wildlife and environmental sustainability.
• Use AI tools: Trip planners like Roam Around and Wonderplan can make destination research faster.

Frequently Asked Questions About Travel in 2026

Q: What are the best countries to visit in 2026?

A: Top countries for 2026 adventure travel include Italy for the Winter Olympics, Indonesia for snorkeling in healthy coral reefs, Brazil for wildlife safaris, Ecuador for Galápagos and Andes exploration, and Georgia for mountains, wine, and ancient monasteries. 

Other emerging destinations to watch include Palau, Rwanda, Mongolia, and Svalbard, which offer immersive ecotourism adventures that are well off the beaten path.

Q: What are the top travel trends in 2026?

A: Key trends include a rise in sustainable tourism, preference for immersive cultural experiences run by local tour operators, and adventure and expedition travel (such as hiking treks, snorkeling and diving excursions, wildlife safaris, and polar expeditions). 

Additionally, experts predict a rising demand in emerging destinations that were previously overlooked by mainstream tourists, and leveraging AI tools and new infrastructure for smarter, more flexible trip planning.

Q: Which destinations are budget-friendly in 2026?

A: Georgia, Ecuador, Albania, and Montenegro are just a few options that offer excellent value compared to destinations in Western Europe or North America. 

And while it may be more expensive to get to if you are based in the United States, a trip to Mongolia, Zanzibar, Borneo, or Indonesia also offers wild, ecotourism adventures that are budget-friendly.

Q: How can I travel more sustainably in 2026?

A: There are a variety of ways that travelers can support environmental sustainability while they travel. Be sure to do your research and learn about ways that tour operators may partner with frontline conservation efforts. 

Oceanic Society, for example, partners with local guides, nonprofits, and researchers that put environmental conservation at the heart of their work. The proceeds of each Oceanic Society trip support our small grants program, which funds conservation efforts around the world, and each booking directly sponsors the removal of over 200 lbs. of plastic waste from the ocean. 

In addition, be sure to minimize your use of single-use plastics, explore ways you can cut your carbon emissions (like prioritizing public transit when possible), and even consider purchasing offsets for carbon emissions to mitigate your carbon footprint as you travel (such as flights).

Each turtle in the program has been outfitted with a satellite transmitter by Nature Seekers, a community-based conservation group in Trinidad and Tobago that monitors and protects leatherback turtles nesting on Matura Beach, one of the most important nesting sites for the species worldwide. After nesting, these turtles begin their long migrations north to their feeding areas in waters near Nova Scotia, Canada, and the North Atlantic. Thanks to their satellite transmitter, you can follow their movements in near real-time as they make this incredible journey.

Named turtles appear on our public sea turtle tracking platform with their chosen name and the name of their patron. Adopters also receive a certificate of adoption and supporting materials that include information collected by Nature Seekers during the tagging process.

Name a Satellite Tracked Sea Turtle

A leatherback turtle returns to sea after nesting in Trinidad. © Ben J. Hicks / benjhicks.com

How Naming a Sea Turtle Supports Conservation

By naming a turtle, you directly contribute to the long-term research and protection of one of the ocean’s most iconic and wide-ranging species. This program supports the work of both Nature Seekers, who have safeguarded nesting leatherbacks in Trinidad for decades, and Oceanic Society’s State of the World’s Sea Turtles (SWOT) program, a global conservation effort now in its 20th year.

Oceanic Society is a 501 (c)3 nonprofit organization, and your symbolic adoption fee is tax-deductible in the U.S.

Sea Turtle Adoption and Naming Options

The newly launched name a satellite-tracked leatherback program is one of three ways you can support sea turtle conservation with a symbolic adoption through Oceanic Society. We currently offer the following sea turtle adoption choices:

• Adopt a Sea Turtle Species: $50
• Name a Leatherback Turtle: $500
• Name a Tracked Leatherback: $2,000

Sea turtle adoptions make a meaningful gift to commemorate a birthday, anniversary, or other life event, and can be a great way to showcase your commitment to the environment. Visit our sea turtle adoption center to explore all of the options and make your adoption today!

Whether you choose to adopt a turtle or simply want to follow their remarkable journeys, we invite you to explore the live tracking platform and learn more about these incredible animals.

Name a Satellite Tracked Sea Turtle

Our sea turtle tracking platform allows you to follow the turtles’ movements in near real-time.

1. Skipping the Gear Check

Many snorkelers underestimate the importance of properly checking their gear before entering the water. A leaky mask, fins that don’t fit, or a snorkel blocked with water can quickly turn a fun adventure into a frustrating experience. Beginners often notice a problem once they’ve already entered the water, which can lead to stress or even cutting the experience short. Even experienced snorkelers benefit from a quick gear check, as subtle leaks or poorly adjusted straps can impact comfort, safety, and ability to move efficiently.

How to Avoid It:

• Test your mask, snorkel, and fins in shallow water first.
• Make sure your mask is snug but not too tight, and that your snorkel is free of water. To check the fit of your mask, press it gently to your face and inhale sharply through your nose. If the mask creates a seal and stays in place without you holding it, it fits properly.
• Check our Snorkel Gear Guide for tips on selecting the right equipment for your next adventure.

When buying a snorkel mask, our guides share one crucial rule: avoid full-face masks. They can be difficult to remove, may fill with water unexpectedly, and in some cases have led to drowning. For your safety, choose a traditional snorkel mask instead.

Pro Tip: Spend a few minutes adjusting your gear with the guidance of an Oceanic Society naturalist—they often provide insights on proper fit and usage to make your snorkeling experience smooth and comfortable.

Members of an Oceanic Society expedition prepare to snorkel after testing gear in Cuba’s Jardines de la Reina (Gardens of the Queen) National Park. © Lindsay Mosher

2. Not Controlling Your Breathing

Breathing through a snorkel can feel awkward at first. If you start to feel overwhelmed in the open ocean, stay calm and take slow, steady breaths. Avoid holding your breath or panicking, which can make you tire quickly and lose control in the water.

How to Avoid It:

• Practice breathing through your snorkel while floating in shallow water before venturing out to the ocean.
• Keep your face in the water and focus on slow, deep breaths to conserve energy.
  

Pro Tip: Oceanic Society naturalists can demonstrate breathing techniques and help you feel comfortable in open water, making it easier to observe marine life calmly.

A snorkeler explores the vibrant reefs of Cabo Pulmo. © RED Travel

3. Touching or Chasing Wildlife

It’s natural to want to get a closer look at a colorful fish, coral, or curious turtle. However, maintaining a respectful distance helps protect both the animals and their habitat and ensures your own safety. 

Slow, deliberate movements exude a sense of calm and allow you to observe marine life up close without disturbing them – often resulting in better photo opportunities and more memorable encounters. 

Paying attention to your surroundings also helps preserve fragile coral and sensitive ecosystems for future snorkelers.

How to Avoid It:

• Maintain a safe distance from all marine creatures, including corals.
• Move slowly and deliberately, letting wildlife approach you instead of the other way around.
• Appreciate the wonders of nature from a distance rather than seeking physical interactions.

Pro Tip: Naturalists will provide insight into common animal behavior, helping you anticipate movements and spot unique interactions. Following their guidance allows for intimate encounters while keeping wildlife safe. 

A snorkeler keeps a respectful distance while photographing a hawksbill sea turtle.

For more guidance, check out our Top 10 Tips to Capture the Best Underwater Photography.

4. Ignoring Changing Ocean Conditions

Strong currents, shallow reefs, or nearby boats can create hazards if you’re not paying attention to your surroundings. Many snorkelers focus so much on the underwater scenery that they forget to monitor changing conditions, which can lead to accidents or damage to the reef. Being aware of tides, currents, and the layout of the reef is essential for both safety and conservation. Observing the environment carefully also helps you spot the best marine life without disturbing it.

Oceanic Society naturalists and local guides are well-informed and will point out safe snorkeling paths and highlight interesting reef formations. Listening to experts is key as they are knowledgeable about changes in ocean conditions and can make in-the-moment decisions to ensure you snorkel in the safest, most vibrant areas. This guidance not only keeps you safe but also helps you experience marine life responsibly, without disturbing the environment.

How to Avoid It:

• Always snorkel with a buddy and stay within safe, designated areas.
• Listen to your guide’s instructions about currents, tides, and safe swimming paths.
• Learn about reef layouts to avoid stepping on fragile coral or disturbing marine habitats.

Snorkelers in Vava’u, Kingdom of Tonga, South Pacific give thumbs up after entering water. © Doug Perrine

5. Rushing the Experience

Snorkeling is as much about observation as it is about movement. Trying to see everything at once or moving too quickly can make the experience stressful, cause missed opportunities, and prevent you from noticing subtle but intriguing behaviors in marine life.

How to Avoid It:

• Move slowly with gentle fin kicks and pause frequently to observe your surroundings and practice buoyancy.
  
• Let your eyes adjust to the underwater world and notice details, like a fish weaving through coral or a turtle gliding in a sunbeam.

Snorkeling is a balance of preparation, mindfulness, and respect for the underwater world. By avoiding these common mistakes and following the guidance of expert naturalists, you’ll have a safer, more enjoyable experience and come away with incredible memories.

Ready to put these tips into practice? Explore our snorkeling trips and discover vibrant reefs, playful marine life, and unforgettable guided adventures. 

An Oceanic Society traveler photographs blue chromis on the reef. © Keoki Stender

This short film is the second episode in our “Sea Turtles: Deep Dive” series, an educational YouTube series produced by our State of the World’s Sea Turtles (SWOT) Program with support from Seiko. The first video in the series explored the impacts of plastic pollution on sea turtles. This video series is part of our ongoing commitment to increase awareness and understanding of these amazing marine creatures.

In Sea Turtles 101, you’ll learn about:

• The seven living sea turtle species
• Their remarkable journey from hatchlings to long-lived adults
• The biggest threats sea turtles face today
• How conservation programs are working to protect them

Watch: ‘Sea Turtles 101: All About Sea Turtles – Deep Dive’

The Importance of Learning About Sea Turtles

Sea turtles are some of the ocean’s most iconic inhabitants, and understanding their biology, habitats, and threats is essential if we want to protect them. In this short video, we introduce the fascinating world of sea turtles – ancient mariners that have roamed our oceans for over 100 million years. The video highlights the seven living sea turtle species, touches on their remarkable life cycles from hatchlings to long-lived adults, and outlines some of the challenges they face in today’s oceans. With it, we hope to spark curiosity and inspire deeper learning about these iconic creatures.

About Oceanic Society and Seiko

Oceanic Society and Seiko have partnered for ocean conservation since 2021. Seiko has proudly supported Oceanic Society’s sea turtle conservation programs and the Global Ocean Cleanup, in addition to this ‘Sea Turtles: Deep Dive’ YouTube series.

Learn more about the Seiko Prospex Mission and Seiko’s commitment to ocean conservation.

Invest in the Right Equipment

Choosing the right camera is the foundation of great underwater photography. For beginners, a waterproof camera that works straight out of the box is often the easiest choice, since there’s no complicated housing to worry about. More advanced photographers sometimes use a waterproof housing to convert a regular above-water camera into an underwater-ready rig. And for deeper dives, a protective housing is generally required to ensure your camera stays dry under pressure.

Accessories like strobes, underwater lights, and lens ports can help restore colors that fade with depth, while filters correct the blue and green tint that water often casts over your images. Before your dive, practice with your gear in shallow water so you feel comfortable adjusting settings without distraction. For more tips on the essential gear for your snorkeling adventures, check out our Snorkel Gear Guide.

Naturalist Favorites: Our team often recommends these reliable options for beginners and experienced divers alike:

• GoPro – great for video and versatile quick shots
• DJI – also great for video and wide-angle photos
• Insta360 – ideal for immersive wide-angle video
• Olympus TG7 – compact, rugged, and optimized for still photography, especially great at macro photography (for when you find a wonderfully colorful, but tiny, nudibranch)

For a more comprehensive guide to digital underwater cameras, check out Backscatter’s recommendations.

And for extra safety, add waterproof housing to your camera. Be sure to test it beforehand—without the camera inside—by placing a dry tissue in the housing and submerging it to make sure there are no leaks.

Pro Tip: If you plan to shoot both wide-angle and macro images, consider cameras with interchangeable lenses (e.g., DSLR with a housing) or compact cameras with lens ports or adjustable focal lengths (like the Olympus TG7). This flexibility will allow you to capture sweeping reef scenes and tiny critters without compromising quality.

Colorful blue chromis swim above the beautiful reef at Wetar. © Keoki Stender

Get Close to Your Subject (or Go Wide!)

Water scatters light, reducing color, contrast, and sharpness, so getting close to your subject is usually the best way to capture crisp, vibrant shots. Approach slowly and observe natural patterns, especially with shy or fast-moving creatures, to avoid disturbing them.

Close-up of a Queen Angelfish (Holacanthus ciliaris) showcasing its vibrant colors and intricate patterns. Photo by Keoki Stender.

However, for wide-angle photography like capturing expansive coral reefs, schools of fish, or a diver in their environment, you need to balance closeness with perspective. Wide-angle lenses allow you to include more of the scene, but you still want to minimize the amount of water between your camera and the main subject. Getting closer to foreground elements (like coral or rocks) while keeping the background expansive can create dramatic depth and immersive compositions.

Gaby Barathieu / Ocean Image Bank

→ Pro Tip: For wide-angle shots, positioning and perspective are as important as proximity. Look for lines, shapes, and contrasting colors that lead the viewer’s eye through the scene, and always consider how light filters across the water to enhance depth and vibrancy.

Mind Your Lighting & Color Balance

Lighting and color balance underwater are tricky. Natural light diminishes quickly with depth, and colors start to fade as early as a few feet below the surface. Bright, sunny days in shallow waters are ideal for beginners, as they make natural colors pop.

For deeper dives, consider strobes or an underwater flash to restore color and contrast. Position your light at an angle to avoid flat images or harsh reflections. Understanding how light behaves underwater—how it scatters, softens, and changes color—will dramatically improve the images you capture beneath the surface.

Pro Tip: If you are a beginner, your best results will be in shallow, well-lit water. If using a light, position it at a 45-degree angle to reduce backscatter (floating particles that reflect light). Consider using diffusers for softer illumination and experiment with combining natural and artificial light for richer colors. If you’re using a DSLR or mirrorless camera underwater, a smaller f-stop (larger aperture) lets in more light, allowing faster shutter speeds to freeze moving subjects. Balance your aperture, shutter speed, and strobes to achieve sharper, more colorful images.

View Gallery: Stunning Photos Showcase Palau’s Amazing Reefs

Master Your Buoyancy

When diving, good buoyancy control is essential for capturing clear and stable shots. If you’re constantly kicking or floating unevenly, your images can be blurry, and you risk disturbing sand or marine life. 

Practice smooth, controlled breathing and movements with slow fin kicks to maintain a steady hover to frame your subjects carefully. Proper buoyancy not only improves your photography but also protects the fragile underwater environment. 

→ Pro Tip: Use a slight exhale to descend gently and a slow inhale to rise. Think of your breath as a natural buoyancy control tool. This helps you hover effortlessly and keeps the reef undisturbed while composing your shot.

Wayne Sentman

Focus on Composition

Underwater photography follows many of the same composition rules as land photography. Use the “Rule of Thirds”, leading lines, or natural frames created by coral, rocks, or rays of sunlight. Negative space can also emphasize the subject and create a sense of scale.

Consider how your subject interacts with its surroundings—capturing a fish weaving through coral or a turtle gliding past a sunbeam can add depth and storytelling to your photo. Experiment with angles and perspectives to make your shots more dynamic.

Instead of placing your subject in the center of the frame, which typically results in a flat, uninteresting composition, consider placing the subject off-center in accordance with the Rule of Thirds. Simply imagine the frame is a 3×3 grid and place your subject and other interesting elements around the four intersecting points (see below). This technique will make your composition more dynamic.

→ Pro Tip: Include elements in the foreground to create depth. When photographing schools of fish or turtles, try capturing them at an angle rather than straight-on to convey motion and scale.

Shoot Upwards

Shooting from below your subject can create a dramatic effect. Fish, turtles, or divers silhouetted against the sunlit surface can appear larger and more striking, while emphasizing depth and motion.

This angle also lets you capture light filtering through the water, giving your photos a three-dimensional feel. Just remember to adjust exposure to prevent overexposed highlights when shooting up toward the surface. 

→ Pro Tip: Use the sun’s angle to your advantage! Shoot with the sun slightly off-center to create shafts of light that highlight your subject. Adjust exposure manually to avoid blown-out highlights on the surface.

Plan Your Adventure: The World’s Top 9 Snorkeling Destinations 

Capture Motion

Underwater life is rarely still. Experiment with shutter speed and continuous shooting modes to either freeze action or convey movement. For example, a slower shutter speed creates a blur effect (like flowing fins or rising bubbles), while a faster shutter speed freezes a darting fish or a swimming turtle and may provide a clearer image.

Anticipate behavior by observing patterns before snapping a photo, and take multiple shots. 

→ Pro Tip: Use continuous autofocus on your subject and track its movement by panning your camera. For schooling fish, this helps keep the main subject sharp while creating motion blur in the background.

Take Your Time

Much as in life, patience is critical. Some of the best shots come from waiting for the perfect alignment of subject, light, and background. Watch how fish or rays move, and when the moment aligns, be sure to take many shots to increase your chances of capturing the perfect moment. Oceanic Society naturalists often provide insight and guidance on studying subjects and understanding their behavior, helping you anticipate moments for the perfect shot.

Rushing can lead to blurry photos, missed opportunities, and stress on marine life. When you relax in the water, wildlife is more likely to approach, and slow, deliberate movements often result in more natural and captivating images.

Enhance Your Shots with Smart Editing

Even the best underwater photos often need a little post-processing to fully capture the vibrancy and clarity of the scene. Water absorbs light and colors, especially reds and yellows, leaving images looking muted or blue-green. Editing helps restore the natural tones and brings your photos to life.

Start with basic adjustments: increase contrast to add depth, tweak brightness for better exposure, and adjust color balance and levels to bring back lost reds and warm tones. Subtle sharpening can enhance fine details, like fish scales or coral textures, but be careful not to overdo it, as overly processed images can appear artificial.

For more advanced edits, there are specialized tools that make underwater photography easier:

• Adobe Lightroom – Great for color correction, contrast, exposure adjustments, and batch editing multiple shots.
• Adobe Photoshop – Ideal for more detailed edits, removing distractions, and fine-tuning sharpness and colors.
• Backscatter Underwater Image Editor – Designed specifically for underwater photography, with features to fix color shifts caused by depth and water conditions.
• Luminar Neo or ON1 Photo RAW – Offers AI-powered tools that can automatically enhance underwater images, including color restoration and clarity adjustments.

→ Pro Tip: Shoot in RAW whenever possible—it gives you maximum flexibility for recovering colors lost underwater.

Respect the Ocean

The most important rule is to protect the environment you’re photographing. Avoid touching or chasing marine life, never stand on or disturb coral, and follow local guidelines for responsible diving or snorkeling.

Great underwater photography is not just about the image; it’s about preserving the ocean for future adventures and the creatures that call it home. A mindful approach ensures both beautiful photos and a healthy marine ecosystem.

By following these tips, you’ll be ready to capture breathtaking underwater images that tell the story of life beneath the waves. Whether exploring shallow reefs or diving deeper into the blue, the ocean offers endless opportunities for unforgettable photography. 

Ready to put your new skills into practice? Explore Oceanic Society’s small-group snorkeling trips and experience some of the world’s most vibrant marine environments firsthand.

Immersive travel experiences can reshape worldviews and spark lifelong commitments to conserving the natural world. At Oceanic Society, eco-tourism is one of our most powerful tools for ocean conservation, and our expert naturalist guides are at the heart of this mission.

In our From the Field Q&A series, we introduce the naturalists who lead our nature expeditions—scientists, photographers, and conservationists who connect travelers with the ecosystems and cultures they love. This edition features Ernesto Ocampo, a Nicaraguan naturalist who has been guiding eco-tours and snorkeling expeditions in Nicaragua, Panama, and Costa Rica for more than a decade.

Meet Ernesto: Nicaragua Naturalist & Conservation Leader

Ernesto Ocampo was born in Nicaragua and has been leading eco-tours to Nicaragua, Panama, and Costa Rica as an expert naturalist with Oceanic Society since 2016. He has a deep history of promoting local conservation efforts in Central America through grassroots projects and leveraging eco-tourism to support these initiatives.

Connecting People and Nature with Eco-Tourism

Leading eco-tours allows Ernesto to combine his love of nature with lasting community impact. As a naturalist guide, he introduces travelers to the wild areas of Central America, where they snorkel vibrant coral reefs, hike volcanic landscapes, and visit rural villages, while showcasing how sustainable tourism supports conservation and uplifts local families.

In 2024, Ernesto was selected to attend the renowned Adventure Travel World Summit in Panama, which brought together tourism industry leaders from around the world to share insights on sustainable tourism, explore ways to create authentic experiences for travelers, and connect with new partners — including those from rural areas throughout Central America.

For Ernesto, there’s a special joy in introducing travelers to his home country, Nicaragua—its warm and welcoming people, stunning natural beauty above and below the waves, and its hidden gems.

Yet another passion of Ernesto’s is organizing community-led conservation efforts in Nicaragua, and he sees ecotourism as an important way to support these initiatives.

Spearheading Conservation at Agualí Biological Station

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Ernesto co-founded the Agualí Biological Station in Matagalpa, Nicaragua, which promotes community-led conservation, sustainable farming, and environmental education.

Based in the mountainous inland town of Matagalpa, he and his Agualí team host environmental education programs for youth, teaching them about the environment, providing hands-on conservation field work experience, and equipping them with leadership skills to foster a more environmentally sustainable society. Agualí also operates a sustainable farm that sells produce to local markets, is powered by renewable energy, and serves as a case study in how thoughtful architectural design can promote a harmonious balance between buildings and the natural environment.

The research station also welcomes visitors, with proceeds funding their conservation and research programs — showcasing how ethical tourism can be used to support the environment.

Q&A With Ernesto

Today, Ernesto spends much of his time as an ecotourism naturalist and a frontline conservationist with his nonprofit. We sat down with Ernesto for a Q&A to learn more about him!

Q: Where are you from, and what inspired you to be a naturalist? 

A: I’m from Nicaragua—I was born and raised here. When I was 15, I realized I wanted to become a tour guide. That’s when I started learning more about nature and discovered how fascinating it was. I felt so inspired that I wanted to study Biology at university. Unfortunately, due to limited resources, I wasn’t able to pursue it as a major—Biology wasn’t offered in my hometown, and I couldn’t afford to live elsewhere. But that never stopped me from spending time in nature and surrounding myself with people who shared that same passion. Little by little, I kept learning, observing, and falling more in love with the vast and beautiful natural world.

Q: How long have you been guiding in Nicaragua?

A: I have been guiding in Nicaragua for 17 years.

Q: What is your favorite aspect of Nicaragua that you like to share with guests?

A: I love being able to connect travelers with the natural wonders, rich culture, and heartfelt warmth of the Nicaraguan people. What makes Nicaragua truly special is its authenticity; nothing feels manufactured. Guests often find themselves surprised by how deeply they can connect with both the landscapes and the communities. It’s a place where adventure meets meaningful cultural encounters, whether it’s hiking a volcano, visiting a family-run farm, or sharing stories over a traditional meal. I take great joy in helping people experience the depth and beauty of this often-overlooked country.

Q: What surprises travelers most about Nicaragua?

A: Many guests arrive in Nicaragua carrying doubts shaped by headlines or warnings from others who have never visited. I often hear that friends or family advised them not to come—that it might be unsafe or risky. But by the end of their journey, their perspective has completely changed.

They’re amazed by how welcoming and warm Nicaraguans are, how safe they feel moving through cities and remote areas alike, and how rich and untouched the landscapes are. Volcanoes, lakes, pristine beaches, and mysterious cloud forests—all within reach and often without crowds. What surprises them most is that Nicaragua offers not just adventure, but an opportunity to connect deeply with people and place.

I often hear the same words at the end of the trip: “Ernesto, those people were so wrong—they have no idea what they’re missing.” And that’s what makes sharing Nicaragua so powerful.

Q: What is your favorite memory from guiding trips in Nicaragua? 

A: After so many years guiding in nature, one memory that truly stands out happened in 2015, when I discovered the wonders of coral reefs for the first time. Growing up in the mountains of Nicaragua, the ocean felt like a distant world, and vibrant coral ecosystems were completely outside my everyday experience.

That first time snorkeling over a healthy reef, seeing the explosion of color and marine life below me, felt like stepping into a living dream. It opened up a whole new dimension of nature for me—one that I’ve been exploring and learning about ever since. Now, every time I return to the sea, I carry that same sense of awe and curiosity, and I do my best to pass that feeling on to the travelers I guide.

Q: Did you have a defining moment in nature that changed how you see the world?

A: Yes—my defining moment didn’t happen deep in the forest or out at sea, but in the heart of a small rural community. Early in my career, I started working closely with local families to create tourism experiences rooted in their culture and way of life. What I witnessed was transformative—not just for travelers, but for the communities themselves.

I saw how impactful tourism can be when it’s done right. It became a bridge to opportunity, allowing families to share their traditions, generate income, and gain confidence in their own voices and knowledge. That experience showed me that guiding is not just about showing people beautiful places—it’s also about creating meaningful connections that uplift communities and preserve culture.

Our guide, Ernesto, and travelers look for wildlife at breakfast in the cloud forest. © Ashleigh Bandimere

Q: How do you see eco-tourism supporting the community and environment in Nicaragua? 

A: In Nicaragua, I’ve seen firsthand how eco-tourism can become a powerful tool for both conservation and community empowerment. When designed thoughtfully, it brings direct benefits to local families—creating jobs, supporting small businesses, and encouraging younger generations to value and preserve their cultural and natural heritage.

At the same time, eco-tourism raises awareness about the importance of protecting ecosystems. It gives value to forests, rivers, and wildlife beyond extraction or destruction. When travelers come to experience a cloud forest or paddle through mangroves, they’re not just observing, they’re helping fund conservation efforts and reinforcing that these places matter. 

→ In 2025, Oceanic Society’s State of the World’s Sea Turtles (SWOT) program provided a small grant to support SoS Nicaragua, a community-based nonprofit in Nicaragua, which helped them combat illegal endangered sea turtle poaching on Los Brasiles Island by educating children of parents who harvest sea turtle eggs, encouraging their participation in hatchling releases, and raising awareness about the importance of protecting sea turtles.

The proceeds of Oceanic Society’s expeditions partially fund SWOT small grants, and are another example of how thoughtful eco-tourism can channel money to support targeted conservation efforts that protect sea turtles and safeguard fragile ecosystems for future generations

Q: What do you hope guests take away from their experience?

A: Of course, I want guests to have a great time—to enjoy the landscapes, the people we meet, and the special places we explore together. But more than that, I hope the experience stays with them in a deeper way. I want them to walk away with a stronger connection to nature and a better understanding of how their choices—big or small—can contribute to conservation.

If guests leave feeling not just amazed, but also motivated to care more and do more for the planet, then I feel my work has real purpose.

Q: What are some ways guests can continue to support conservation efforts after they leave?

A: There are many simple but meaningful ways guests can stay involved even after the trip ends. One of the most powerful is to remain curious—keep learning about the places you visit and the challenges they face. Supporting organizations like Oceanic Society or local programs like Agualí in Nicaragua is another great way to contribute to long-term conservation and education efforts.

Another impactful action is to continue traveling—but to do so mindfully. Choosing responsible companies that prioritize sustainability and work closely with local communities helps ensure that your travel dollars are supporting positive change.

Guests can also make changes in their daily lives: reducing single-use plastics, making more conscious consumption choices, sharing what they’ve learned, and inspiring others to care. Every small action adds up. By staying engaged and traveling with intention, guests can become lifelong ambassadors for conservation.

→ For practical steps to reduce your impact on the ocean, check out our guide on 7 Ways to Reduce Ocean Plastic Pollution. This article covers key facts about ocean plastic pollution and provides several concrete solutions that anyone can take part in.

Inspired to Explore Nicaragua? 

Ernesto is a true example for the ecotourism industry, and we hope that his story inspires curiosity in Nicaragua, its wondrous nature, and the many ways in which sustainable eco-tourism can be a powerful tool to support locally led conservation. 

If Ernesto’s account of Nicaragua has moved you, consider joining him as he leads Oceanic Society expeditions to his home country. After all, there’s no better way to travel than with a local. You’ll visit Little Corn Island, a paradise that is reminiscent of the Caribbean before resorts dominated the coastlines. The 9-day eco-tour also visits the colonial town of Grenada and the surrounding cloud rainforests of Nicaragua’s mainland, complete with dormant volcanoes. 

While guide assignments vary with availability, each trip is led by experienced naturalists like Ernesto and designed to immerse you in Nicaragua’s untouched natural wonders and welcoming culture. 

Stay tuned for more conversations with Oceanic Society guides as we continue this Q&A series, From the Field.

→ Explore upcoming Nicaragua expedition departures and be sure to sign up for our newsletter to get expedition updates, travel inspiration, and ocean conservation insights delivered straight to your inbox.

This remote volcanic archipelago, located in the Pacific Ocean approximately 600 miles off the coast of Ecuador, gained fame nearly two hundred years ago when Charles Darwin theorized about evolution while studying its unique flora and fauna. More than 80% of the Galapagos Islands’ land birds, 97% of reptiles and land mammals, and 30% of plants are found nowhere else on Earth. All told, more than 9,000 species inhabit the 20 islands of the Galápagos, where ecosystems range from subtropical to arid highlands, resulting in a variety of species that have evolved in isolation from the rest of the world.

In this article, we explore some of the most iconic Galapagos animal species—read on!

The iconic Galapagos tortoise is a highlight of every trip. © Roderic Mast

Galápagos Tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.)

These giant reptiles are the most iconic residents of the Galápagos Islands, capable of living over 100 years and weighing hundreds of pounds. The 12 extant species are “ecosystem engineers,” dispersing seeds, trampling paths, and shaping vegetation across the islands.

190 years ago, Charles Darwin’s curiosity was piqued by these tortoises when he learned that each type of tortoise was different depending on their island habitat. For example, the saddleback-shaped shells of the tortoises on Española (Hood) Island allow their necks to extend farther upward to reach vegetation high off the ground, thus enabling them to feed on the tall plants found on that island, whereas tortoise species from other islands have domed shells that are suited for grazing on grasses and other low vegetation.

Once heavily hunted by explorers and further threatened by invasive species such as rats (which prey on eggs), Galápagos tortoise numbers declined drastically in the 20th century. Conservation programs, including breeding centers, have since helped stabilize some populations. Still, several subspecies are critically endangered, two have gone extinct, and one was famously rediscovered in 2019 after being thought extinct for over 112 years.

Quick Facts:

• Average Lifespan: 80–170 years (oldest recorded: 175 years old)
• Average Size: 4–6 ft long; and weigh 250–900 lbs (largest recorded: 919 lbs)
• Habitat & Range: Dry low-lying areas and lush highlands throughout Santa Cruz, San Cristobal, Isabela, Española, Pinzón, and Santiago islands
• Diet: Herbivorous — primarily grasses, leaves, cacti, fruits, flowers, and vines
• Conservation Status: Vulnerable. An estimated 15,000 remain across all subspecies in the wild.
• Where to See Them: Highlands of Santa Cruz Island, and at the Fausto Llerena Tortoise Center

Galapagos sea lions are unafraid of people, offering the chance to see them up close. © Roderic Mast

Galápagos Sea Lion (Zalophus wollebaeki)

The Galápagos sea lion is one of the most iconic and charismatic residents of the islands. They are commonly found lounging on sandy beaches, rocky shorelines, and even the docks of island towns, often in surprisingly close proximity to people. Large colonies thrive on Española, San Cristóbal, and Santa Fe islands, making them some of the best places to witness their fascinating social behavior.

Breeding season occurs from June to December, when dominant males (called bulls) defend beach territories and harems of females. From March to May, newborn pups can be seen along the coasts, often playfully bounding across the sand or splashing in the shallows.

For many ecotourists, snorkeling with Galápagos sea lions is a highlight of their visit to the archipelago. Known for their playful and curious nature, these animals often swim near divers and snorkelers, seemingly eager to interact. However, respectful observation is essential. Visitors should maintain distance, especially from pups and nursing females, and never attempt to touch or feed sea lions.

Ecologically, Galápagos sea lions are important nearshore predators, helping regulate populations of schooling fish and supporting the balance of marine ecosystems.

Quick Facts:

• Average Lifespan: 15–20 years 
• Average Size: 4–8 feet long, weighing 110–860 lbs.
• Habitat & Range: Sandy beaches, rocky shorelines, and coastal waters throughout the Galápagos
• Diet: Carnivorous — primarily feeds on sardines, mackerel, squid, and other small schooling fish 
• Conservation Status: Endangered. An estimated 20,000 individuals live across the archipelago and are threatened by boat traffic, fishing entanglement, plastic marine waste, and loss of prey due to climate change. 
• Where to See Them: Large colonies can be found on Española, San Cristóbal, and Santa Fe islands. Breeding season (June–December) offers dramatic male displays, while March–May is the best time to see newborn pups.

Galápagos penguins swim gracefully in the protected waters of the Galápagos Marine Reserve © Pete Oxford

Galápagos Penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus)

The Galápagos penguin is the only penguin species found north of the equator. Unlike most penguins that live in polar regions, where cold waters provide abundant fish and the cool temperatures needed for nesting, the Galápagos penguin survives near the equator thanks to the Humboldt and Cromwell ocean currents, which carry cold, nutrient-rich waters. This rare environment makes the Galápagos one of the only places in the world where penguins live alongside reptiles like the marine iguana.

Only about 2,000 Galápagos penguins remain in the wild. Due to their dependence on cool waters, these animals are highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, particularly during El Niño events when global ocean temperatures rise, reducing their breeding success and limiting food sources.

Quick Facts:

• Average Lifespan: 15–20 years
• Average Size: 10-20 inches tall, weighing 5-10 lbs
• Habitat & Range: Rocky coastlines of Isabela and Fernandina Islands; smaller populations found on Bartolomé, Santiago, and Floreana Islands.
• Diet: Carnivorous — primarily feed on krill, small crustaceans, marine invertebrates, and schooling fish.
• Conservation Status: Endangered 
• Where to See Them: Isabela and Fernandina islands, where the largest colonies nest in volcanic crevices along the shore.

Galápagos Iguanas

Marine iguanas can be black, green, or red, depending on which island they live on. © Roderic Mast

Galápagos Marine Iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)

The Galápagos marine iguana is the only sea-going lizard in the world, uniquely adapted to forage on algae growing over submerged volcanic rocks. These reptiles can grow to over three feet long and dive to depths of up to 30 feet, using their fin-like tails to swim powerfully through the water.

After feeding, they can be seen basking on lava rocks to warm up (a behavior known as thermoregulation) and are often seen sneezing out excess salt using a special nasal gland.

Marine iguanas are commonly seen across the archipelago, particularly on Fernandina and Española Islands, where they nest along the sandy beaches and occasionally in volcanic ash.  During mating season (January to March), males become more colorful, adding red and green hues to their otherwise black scales, and compete with other males for mates. The most brightly colored males are found on Española Island during mating season. Although an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 individuals remain in the wild, the species is considered Vulnerable. Of the 11 recognized subspecies, several are listed as Endangered or Critically Endangered. Marine iguanas are threatened by warming waters that reduce algae abundance, invasive species (such as cats, dogs, and rats that prey on eggs and juveniles), and human activities that disrupt breeding and basking behavior.

Quick Facts:

• Average Lifespan: 5–12 years (oldest recorded: 75 years old).
• Average Size: 2–5 feet long, weighing 1–3 lbs. 
• Habitat & Range: Along the volcanic rocky shores, beaches, and mangrove coastlines throughout the Galápagos.
• Diet: Herbivorous — mainly algae that grows over submerged volcanic rocks.
• Conservation Status: Vulnerable. 200,000–300,000 individuals remain, but several subspecies are Endangered or Critically Endangered.
• Where to See Them: Common across the islands, especially on Fernandina and Española.

A Galápagos land iguana basks in the sun, blending into the volcanic landscape of the islands. © Robb Leahy

Galápagos Land Iguanas (Conolophus spp.)

While there is only one species of marine iguana, there are three species of Galápagos land iguanas: the common land iguana (Conolophus subcristatus), the Santa Fe land iguana (Conolophus pallidus), found only on Santa Fe Island, and the rare pink land iguana (Conolophus marthae), found only on Wolf Volcano, Isabela Island.

Land iguanas are larger than their marine cousins, growing up to five feet long, and have golden-hued scales. They forage on cactus pads, fruits, and flowers in arid environments, dispersing seeds and helping vegetation spread. Their burrows are often reused by other animals, and visitors may even spot finches perched on their backs, picking ticks from between their scales.

Unlike the relatively abundant marine iguana, land iguanas are fewer in number, with only 5,000 to 10,000 individuals remaining across all three species. Populations plummeted in the early 20th century due to invasive species, but thanks to successful conservation efforts, their numbers are slowly rebounding.

Quick Facts:

• Average Lifespan: 50–60 years.
• Average Size: 3–5 feet long, weighing 28–30 lbs. 
• Habitat & Range: Dry lowland areas of Santa Cruz, North Seymour, Baltra, Isabela, and South Plaza islands.
• Diet: Herbivorous – primarily cactus pads, fruits, flowers, seeds, shrubs, and small trees; occasionally insects or carrion.
• Conservation Status: Vulnerable. 
• Where to See Them: Cerro Dragón on Santa Cruz Island, or breeding stations on San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Isabela islands.

Birdlife of the Galápagos

The Galápagos Islands are a birdwatcher’s paradise, home to many species found nowhere else on Earth. From striking seabirds like the Blue-footed Booby to the iconic Darwin’s finches that inspired groundbreaking scientific discoveries, the archipelago’s avian life is as diverse as it is unique. Visitors can expect to see birds thriving in all of the archipelago’s many ecosystems.

Blue-footed Boobies are one of the most iconic seabirds of the Galápagos, famous for their bright blue feet and elaborate mating dance. © Yolanda Escobar

Blue-footed Booby (Sula nebouxii)

The Blue-footed Booby is one of three booby species found in the Galápagos, and one of the most recognizable seabirds in the islands, known for its vivid turquoise feet that it displays during their elaborate mating dance (often seen between June and August).

While Blue-footed Boobies are clumsy on land, they are swift in the air and agile swimmers, capable of diving up to 60 feet in search of small pelagic fish like sardines, their preferred prey.

Approximately 6,400 individuals live on Galápagos (half of the global population), making the archipelago a critical environment for the species.

Quick Facts:

• Average Lifespan: 15–20 years.
• Average Size: 32–34 inches long, weighing 3.5 lbs; 5-foot wingspan.
• Habitat & Range: Coastal cliffs, rocky shorelines, and flat nesting areas on Española, North Seymour, and Isabela.
• Diet: Small schooling fish such as sardines, anchovies, and mackerel.
• Conservation Status: Least Concern. The population is considered stable.
• Where to See Them: Española Island (Punta Suárez), North Seymour, and occasionally Santa Cruz

Red-footed Booby (Sula sula)

The Red-footed Booby is the smallest and most widespread of the Galápagos boobies, easily recognized by its bright red feet and contrasting plumage, which can be white, brown, or a mix of both. Agile fliers and swimmers, they hunt for small fish and squid, often diving gracefully from great heights to catch prey. The Galápagos hosts significant breeding colonies, making it an important habitat for the species.

Quick Facts:

• Average Lifespan: 22 years
• Average Size: 24–28 inches long, weighing 2–3 lbs; 3-foot wingspan.
• Habitat & Range: Coastal trees and shrubs on islands such as Genovesa, Española, and North Seymour.
• Diet: Small fish and squid, caught by plunge-diving.
• Conservation Status: Least Concern. Populations are generally stable, though threatened locally by invasive species.
• Where to See Them: Although abundant in the Galápagos, Red-footed Boobies are less widespread than their booby cousins. They primarily nest on Genovesa and San Cristóbal, but can occasionally be spotted on other islands throughout the archipelago.

Face-to-face encounter: Nazca Masked Boobies up close, highlighting their striking beaks and facial patterns. © Yolanda Escobar

Nazca Booby (Sula granti)

The Nazca Booby, formerly thought to be a subspecies of the Masked Booby (Sula dactylatra), is a large seabird with striking white plumage, black wingtips, and a distinctive black “mask” around the eyes. Males have yellow to orange beaks, while females display a paler, pinkish hue. Known for their dramatic plunge-diving, they hunt fish and squid in open waters, often returning to flat, rocky nesting sites to raise their young.

Quick Facts:

• Average Lifespan: 23 years
• Average Size: 30–35 inches long, weighing 3–5 lbs; 5–6 foot wingspan
• Habitat & Range: Flat coastal nesting areas on islands such as Española, North Seymour, and Genovesa
• Diet: Fish and squid, caught by high-speed plunge-diving
• Conservation Status: Least Concern. Populations are stable, though sensitive to human disturbance at nesting sites.
• Where to See Them: They are often observed at Punta Suárez on Española, Punta Pit on San Cristóbal, and Genovesa.

The cactus finch enjoys a bloom in the Galápagos—a tiny but iconic part of Darwin’s remarkable wildlife discoveries.

Galápagos Finches

Galápagos finches (commonly known as Darwin’s finches) include at least 17 closely related species, all of which are endemic to the Galápagos except for one that is found on the remote island of Cocos to the north. Darwin took a special interest in these small birds because they demonstrate a process called adaptive radiation, in which a single ancestral species can evolve into multiple varieties depending on the environments it inhabits.

Beak Adaptations and Diet

The most striking feature of Darwin’s finches is their highly diverse beak shapes, which have evolved to match specific diets and feeding strategies needed to occupy different environmental niches. These adaptations are critical for survival, as the islands’ food resources can vary dramatically by habitat and season.

• • Large Ground Finch (Geospiza magnirostris): Deep, strong, broad beaks ideal for cracking large, tough seeds.
  • Small Ground Finch (Geospiza fuliginosa): Narrower beaks suited to smaller seeds.
  • Cactus Finches (Geospiza scandens, G. conirostris): Long, pointed beaks for feeding on cactus flowers, nectar, and pulp while avoiding spines.
  • Warbler Finch (Certhidea olivacea): Thin, pointed beaks specialized for insect feeding.
  • Woodpecker or “Tool Using” Finch (Camarhynchus pallidus): Uses tools like twigs or cactus spines to extract insects from bark.
  • Mangrove Finch (Camarhynchus heliobates): Robust beaks adapted for insects, small seeds, and mangrove fruits in mangrove habitats.
  • Vampire Ground Finch (Geospiza septentrionalis) is endemic to the northern islands of Wolf and Darwin, and is most famous for its unusual diet. When food is scarce, it will occasionally feed by drinking the blood of other birds, most notably the Nazca Booby.

Darwin’s finches inhabit a wide range of environments across the archipelago, including arid lowlands, highland forests, dunes, and mangroves. They typically nest in shrubs and small trees, and their feeding strategies reflect the specific food sources available in their habitats.

Quick Facts:

• Average Lifespan: 15–20 years; highly variable by species
• Average Size: 4–8 inches long by body; weighing 0.2 to 1.5 ounces.
• Habitat & Range: Arid lowlands, highland forests, dunes, mangroves
• Diet: Varies by species—includes seeds, buds, flowers, nectar, insects, and occasionally blood.
• Conservation Status: Most species are Least Concern; Mangrove Finch and Medium Tree Finch are Critically Endangered
• Where to See Them: Forested highlands of Santa Cruz and Floreana for various tree and ground finches; mangrove habitats on Isabela for the rare Mangrove Finch

Up close interaction: Waved Albatrosses engage beak-to-beak in a fascinating display of communication. © Wayne Sentman

Waved Albatross (Phoebastria irrorata)

The Waved Albatross is another Galápagos endemic, and Española (Hood) Island is home to the species entire global nesting population. It is the largest bird in the archipelago, with a wingspan of up to 8 feet. Both males and females have white heads with creamy yellow crowns and necks, while their bodies are mainly chestnut brown with white breasts and underwings. They are named for the wave-like pattern on the adults’ wings and, like all albatrosses, are exceptional gliders, spending most of their lives soaring above the open ocean.

One of their most fascinating behaviors is the courtship dance that can be seen adjacent to the tourist path during their breeding season (April-June); it includes bill circling, clacking, head nodding, waddling, and a cow-like “moo” and is a ritual that is particularly elaborate for new pairs. Waved Albatrosses mate for life, and the female lays a single egg on bare ground, which the pair then takes turns incubating for up to two months until hatching.

Quick Facts:

• Average Lifespan: 30 years
• Average Size: 7 to 8 foot wingspan, 2–3 feet long by body, weighing 6-9 lbs 
• Habitat & Range: The Waved Albatross breeds exclusively on Española (Hood) Island, nesting on flat, lava-strewn areas
• Diet: Squid, fish, and crustaceans. They are also known to steal regurgitated food from other birds. 
• Conservation Status: Critically Endangered. The species faces significant threats from human activities, including long-line fishing, marine pollution, and illegal harvesting for food and feathers, which has increased in recent years.
• Where to See Them: Waved Albatrosses breed exclusively on Española Island, where they can be observed from April to December during nesting and chick rearing. From January to March, they are at sea, with young birds remaining offshore for up to six years before returning to breed.

A male Great Frigatebird flaunts its vibrant red throat pouch. © Roderic Mast

Magnificent Frigatebird (Fregata magnificens)

The Magnificent Frigatebird, one of two frigates found in the archipelago (the other being the Great Frigate, Fregata minor), is a striking seabird with a wingspan of up to eight feet, making it one of the largest in the Galápagos. Males are best known for their bright red throat pouch, which they inflate like a balloon and drum on with their bills to attract females.

Unlike most seabirds, frigatebirds rarely land on the water. Instead, they skim the ocean’s surface to snatch shallow-swimming fish. They are also notorious for harassing other seabirds until they regurgitate their catch, which the frigatebird then steals, a behavior known as kleptoparasitism.

Although Magnificent Frigatebirds are found across the Caribbean and Pacific coasts, and can fly hundreds of miles across the open ocean, the colony on the Galápagos is a distinct population that genetically diverged hundreds of thousands of years ago.

Quick Facts:

• Average Lifespan: 25–35 years 
• Average Size: 7 to 8 foot wingspan, 35–45 inches long, weighing 2-4 lbs.
• Habitat & Range: Coastal mangroves and treelines throughout the archipelago
• Diet: Carnivorous — Small fish, often taken from the surface or stolen from other birds 
• Conservation Status: Least Concern. An estimated 2,000 individuals live on the Galapagos, and are considered a stable population.
• Where to See Them: Breeding colonies on North Seymour, Genovesa, and Española islands.

Snack time in the Galápagos: Flightless Cormorant catches its prey and displays meal dangling from its beak. © Harry Skeggs

Flightless Cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi)

The Flightless Cormorant is one of the rarest seabirds in the world—and the only cormorant that cannot fly. With short, stunted wings and powerful legs, these birds have traded flight for exceptional swimming ability, using their webbed feet to pursue fish, eels, and octopuses underwater.

They are found only in the Galápagos, restricted to the western islands of Fernandina and Isabela. There, pairs can be seen nesting on rocky shores, using seaweed and driftwood to build their nests just above the tide line. The species’ isolation and small range make it highly vulnerable, with only about 2,000 individuals remaining.

Quick Facts:

• Average Lifespan: 10–15 years.
• Average Size: 35–39 inches long, 39-inch wingspan, weighing 5–8 lbs.
• Habitat & Range: Rocky shorelines of Fernandina and Isabela islands.
• Diet: Carnivorous — Mainly small fish, eels, octopuses, and other marine animals.
• Conservation Status: Vulnerable; Population threatened by bycatch, warming waters (decreasing food supply), and plastic pollution.
• Where to See Them: Rocky beaches and coves along the coast of Fernandina and Isabela islands.

Sharks of the Galápagos

The Galápagos Islands are one of the best places in the world to encounter sharks. More than 32 different species have been recorded in the surrounding waters, from whale sharks and blacktip reef sharks to hammerheads and the islands’ namesake species—the Galápagos shark. These predators are not only thrilling to observe but also play a crucial role in keeping marine ecosystems healthy.

Galápagos shark (Carcharhinus galapagensis)

The Galápagos shark is a circumtropical species most commonly concentrated in tropical regions of the world’s oceans. It favors warm, clear waters near reef systems, oceanic islands, and continental shelf areas. Although found worldwide, it was first described in 1905 from specimens captured near the Galápagos Islands, from which it takes its name.

Growing up to 10 feet long, the Galápagos shark is the apex marine predator in the coastal waters of the Galápagos. It plays a vital role in maintaining the balance of fish populations and supporting the health of coral reef systems. Despite their global presence, scientists still know relatively little about their life history compared to many other sharks.

Quick Facts:

• Average Lifespan: 20–25 years.
• Average Size: 6.5–10 feet long; weighing 66–180 lbs.
• Habitat & Range: Shallow coastal waters and rocky reefs of tropical oceans
• Diet: Carnivorous — mainly seals, smaller shark species, fish, rays, squid, and crustaceans, and seabirds. Known to be cannibalistic, so young shark pups stay away from groups of adults.
• Conservation Status: Near Threatened. Population size is unknown, but the species is at risk due to bycatch, poaching for fins, and harvesting of teeth and bones for traditional medicine and jewelry.
• Where to See Them: Coastal dive sites near Fernandina and western Isabela islands, especially in marine protected zones during eco-tourism snorkeling and diving expeditions

Dive into the Galápagos: A mesmerizing bottom-up view of a school of scalloped hammerhead sharks, a highlight of specialized dive trips. © Masayuki Agawa / Ocean Image Bank

Scalloped Hammerheads (Sphyrna lewini)

The scalloped hammerhead is among the most iconic predators in the world, with its distinctive flattened head, or “cephalofoil”. This unique adaptation enhances their ability to detect faint electrical signals from prey, such as squid and mackerel. In the Galápagos, divers can witness one of the ocean’s great spectacles: massive schools of scalloped hammerheads, often numbering in the hundreds, drifting gracefully in circular formations. These encounters are a highlight of diving in the Galápagos Marine Reserve.

Quick Facts:

• Average Lifespan: 20–30 years.
• Average Size: 8–12 feet long, weighing 100–250 lbs.
• Habitat & Range: Coastal waters, especially near rocky reefs and seamounts.
• Diet: Carnivorous – fish, squid, rays, and smaller sharks.
• Conservation Status: Critically Endangered. Unknown population number. Threatened by bycatch and poaching for their fins (used in shark fin soup). 
• Where to See Them: The highest chance of encountering scalloped hammerheads is on specialized dive trips to Wolf and Darwin Islands, and even then, sightings are never guaranteed. Since scalloped hammerheads typically inhabit deeper waters, snorkeling is not a viable option.

Rare encounter: Two whale sharks glide through the Galápagos, a sight reserved for specialized scuba-only trips to Darwin and Wolf Islands. © Renata Romeo / Ocean Image Bank

Whale Sharks (Rhincodon typus)

The whale shark is the largest fish species in the world and an occasional visitor to the Galápagos between June and November. Despite their massive size, whale sharks are gentle, filter-feeders, gliding through the water with mouths wide open, straining plankton, krill, and small schooling fish from the sea. They are typically solitary, feeding alone in tropical waters and diving as deep as 6,000 feet. In the Galápagos, whale sharks are rare to spot and are only seen on specialized, scuba-only trips to Darwin and Wolf Islands, but when conditions align, they do appear, offering a truly spectacular encounter.

Quick Facts:

• Average Lifespan: 70–100 years.
• Average Size: 30–40 feet long, weighing 15–20 tons. 
• Habitat & Range: Open coastal waters surrounding the archipelago.
• Diet: Filter-feeder—plankton, krill, small fish, and fish eggs
• Conservation Status: Endangered. Up to 200,000 whale sharks are estimated to remain in the world’s oceans. Threatened by habitat loss, vessel strikes, unsustainable tourism, and bycatch.
• Where to See Them: Whale sharks are rare, deep-water animals that appear in the Galápagos between June and November, primarily around Darwin and Wolf Islands in the far north of the archipelago. During these months, the best chance to see them is on a specialized scuba diving trip to Darwin and Wolf, though sightings are never guaranteed. 

he vivid sally lightfoot crab scuttles across the rocky shores of the Galápagos, a flash of color against the volcanic coastline. © Cecibel Guerrero

Sally Lightfoot Crab (Grapsus grapsus)

The sally lightfoot crab is one of the most ubiquitous and colorful species found on the Galápagos Islands, patterned in vibrant hues of red, orange, and turquoise. Present on virtually every rocky shore, these crabs can often be seen in large numbers, making for a wonderful picture for wildlife photographers.

Ecologically, sally lightfoot crabs play the role of scavenger, and they maintain the health of shoreline ecosystems by cleaning up organic material and helping prevent algae overgrowth. They also serve as a food source for a variety of Galápagos predators, including various birds and reptiles.

• Average Lifespan: 5–10 years.
• Average Size: Up to 5 inches wide. 
• Habitat & Range: Rocky shorelines and tidepools throughout the Galápagos Islands
• Diet: Omnivorous — primarily algae, but also carrion, bird droppings, and other organic matter
• Conservation Status (IUCN): Least Concern.
• Best Place to See Them: Black lava rocks along shorelines of most islands (high visibility at low tide); commonly observed at visitor sites such as Punta Suárez. (Española), Puerto Ayora docks (Santa Cruz), and Punta Espinosa (Fernandina).

Invasive Species in the Galápagos

The Galápagos Islands are home to one of the most unique and fragile ecosystems on Earth. Shaped by millions of years of isolation, the archipelago’s wildlife evolved without many of the predators and competitors found elsewhere. But this very isolation also makes the islands especially vulnerable to invasive species—organisms introduced by humans, intentionally or accidentally, into places where they are not native.

Once introduced, invasive species often spread rapidly because they arrive without natural predators. This gives them an advantage over native species, disrupting the delicate ecological balance that makes the Galápagos so extraordinary.

Black Rats and Feral Cats

Rats and feral cats are among the most damaging invasive animals in the Galápagos. Both prey heavily on the eggs, hatchlings, and even adults of reptiles and seabirds. Ground-nesting species are particularly vulnerable, including storm petrels, lava lizards, and marine iguanas.

The Avian Vampire Fly (Philornis downsi)

Among the most insidious invasive species is the avian vampire fly, a parasitic insect accidentally introduced to the Galápagos. The fly lays its eggs in bird nests, and once the larvae hatch, they feed on the blood and tissues of hatchlings.

This parasitism has severely reduced the survival of several iconic bird species, including Darwin’s finches.

Other Invasive Species and Their Impacts

While mammals and insects draw the most attention, other invasive species have also left their mark:

• Goats, pigs, and donkeys overgraze native plants, destroy tortoise habitat, and cause soil erosion.
• Invasive plants such as the Hill raspberry outcompete native vegetation, altering food sources for giant tortoises and birds.
• Invertebrates like fire ants threaten hatchlings of reptiles and ground-nesting birds.
• Frogs, particularly the Fowler’s snouted treefrog (Scinax quinquefasciatus), an invasive species introduced in the late 1990s. This frog became established in wetlands, posing risks to the native ecosystem by competing with native insect-eaters and potentially affecting other species through parasites or by altering the food web.

Conservation and Eradication Efforts

To combat these threats, conservation organizations have launched eradication and control programs. Goats have been removed from several islands through coordinated campaigns, and rodent eradication projects are ongoing. Travelers play a critical role by following all guidelines set by the Galápagos National Park, such as cleaning shoes and gear before island visits, not bringing food or seeds, and staying on marked trails and respecting biosecurity checkpoints.

A scenic view of Kicker Rock in the Galápagos, rising dramatically from the ocean under a clear sky, with calm waters in the foreground. © Ecoventura

Protecting the Wildlife of the Galápagos Islands

The Galápagos Islands are home to wildlife found nowhere else on Earth. Having evolved in isolation, the archipelago’s species are equally unique as they are vulnerable. Human activity, climate change, and invasive species all pose serious threats to this fragile ecosystem.

Conservation programs, strict environmental regulations, and the creation of the Galápagos Marine Reserve have helped protect many of these iconic species, but they need continued support. Sustainable ecotourism can help by supporting frontline conservationists and researchers who are dedicated to conserving this unique natural wonder.

The Galápagos Marine Reserve

The Galápagos Marine Reserve is a vast expanse of over 51,000 square miles of marine protected habitat, encompassing all the coastal waters of the archipelago. The strict protections for marine life are a primary reason its marine habitat is bustling with life.

Much of the reserve is designated as a “no-take zone”, which outlaws fishing. Ocean-based tourism (snorkeling, diving, etc.) is also highly regulated; all activities must be conducted through licensed operators who follow specific environmental protocols to ensure wildlife is not disturbed.

Perched above the Galápagos waters, this marine iguana watches as an Oceanic Society liveaboard cruise glides by—a front-row seat to an unforgettable eco-adventure. © Pete Oxford

Eco Tours to the Galápagos Islands

As a nonprofit organization, the Oceanic Society is committed to both exploration and conservation. Our expeditions are designed to immerse travelers in the islands’ most vibrant ecosystems, from snorkeling in crystal-clear waters to hiking across volcanic landscapes, all while directly supporting vital conservation projects. Every trip helps fund research, protect wildlife, and sustain the unique habitats of the Galápagos.

👉 Inquire about Galápagos expedition dates aboard boutique ships and sign up for our newsletter to receive expedition updates, travel inspiration, and ocean conservation insights delivered straight to your inbox.

Yet despite these advances and greater public awareness around ocean conservation, the threats facing our oceans continue to intensify. This challenge led Oceanic Society to embrace a new approach: one that moves beyond awareness alone and harnesses behavioral science as a tool for lasting change.

At the heart of this approach is a simple truth: human behavior is both the main threat to ocean health and our greatest hope for recovery. Oceanic Society now works to impact human behavior on three interconnected fronts:

• Creating meaningful ocean connections through travel experiences
• Building skills in the conservation community to drive behavior change
• Leading science-based campaigns that impact behaviors related to plastic pollution, sustainable seafood, and climate change.

Our Team BEACH network is an important component of this strategy, focused on building the capacity of sea turtle conservationists worldwide to drive behavior change in their communities.

Bridging Awareness and Action

For many conservationists, there comes a key realization at some point in their career: protecting sea turtles, or any species, is not only about understanding the animals–it is about understanding people.

All threats to sea turtles, such as bycatch, take and trade, habitat loss, and plastic pollution, are linked to human behaviors. Traditional conservation approaches have focused heavily on scientific research and public education. While important, those alone rarely drive lasting change.

Human choices are shaped not just by knowledge, but also by culture, economics, social norms, and personal values.  By embracing this reality, conservationists can dramatically increase their impact through strategies grounded in behavioral science.

This insight inspired the creation of Team BEACH (BE A CHangemaker), a global effort to help conservationists apply behavioral science to sea turtle conservation challenges.

Building Momentum Through Collaboration

Launched in 2020 and led by Oceanic Society, the State of the World’s Sea Turtles Program (SWOT), Disney Conservation, and Human Nature Group Team BEACH is a global network of conservationists and social scientists committed to developing and sharing strategies that move people from awareness to action.

What began as a small group has blossomed into a worldwide community of practitioners who are pioneering more effective approaches to protecting sea turtles, their habitats, and nearby communities.

How Team BEACH Works

The flagship program of Team BEACH is an annual workshop series, held alongside the International Sea Turtle Symposium (ISTS). Most recently, we gathered in Accra, Ghana, bringing together more than 40 participants from over 20 countries to tackle real-world conservation challenges.

At these workshops, participants learn about behavioral science theories and techniques, then apply them to real-world case studies, such as:

• Reducing sea turtle bycatch mortality in Myanmar fishing communities
• Limiting tourism impacts on nesting beaches in Florida
• Addressing turtle harvesting by coastal communities in Ghana

To ensure broad participation, Oceanic Society, with support from AZA SAFE and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, has proudly provided travel support for practitioners who would otherwise be unable to attend. This ensures that diverse voices and perspectives shape the solutions, and provides valuable training and capacity to conservationists working at the front lines.

Beyond workshops, Team BEACH supports the sea turtle conservation community through:

• Webinars on key behavior change topics
• An online library  platform of behavior change tools, resources, and case studies
• A dedicated listserv for sharing challenges and solutions

This ongoing support turns one-time training into lasting collaboration.

The Team BEACH Approach

Team BEACH’s work is guided by four pillars:

1. Audience Research
   We help conservationists understand what truly drives people’s choices, such as their motivations, challenges, and daily realities. This audience research helps them create effective outreach and communications strategies.
2. Strategic Partnerships
   We connect practitioners with social scientists to co-create behavior change strategies and tools tailored to local contexts.
3. Community Collaboration
   We promote direct collaboration with local fishers, tourism operators, and coastal residents to seek solutions that benefit nature and people, viewing them as partners rather than obstacles.
4. Measuring Impact
   We prioritize measuring behavior change outcomes rather than reach or participation numbers. Establishing clear, relevant metrics helps conservationists track progress and adapt strategies to improve their results.

Creating Lasting Impact

What makes Team BEACH unique is its focus on building a global community of practice. Each participant becomes a local changemaker, applying behavioral science to conservation challenges in their own cultural and ecological setting.

By addressing the human dimension of conservation, Team BEACH fosters sustainable relationships between people and sea turtles. This approach respects both ecological importance and cultural traditions, while helping to assure sea turtles’ long-term survival.

A Growing Movement for Ocean Health

The momentum behind Team BEACH signals a promising shift in ocean conservation. By uniting diverse stakeholders, blending behavioral and ecological sciences, and focusing on measurable outcomes, we are finding more effective ways to protect sea turtles and the ocean as a whole.

As we confront global threats like plastic pollution, climate change, and overfishing, behavioral science provides powerful tools to move people from awareness to action. Team BEACH is showing how targeted strategies can address specific challenges while helping improve the health of our oceans.

Join Us

Everyone has a role in protecting our oceans. Through Team BEACH and our other ocean conservation programs, Oceanic Society is helping turn awareness into action for sea turtles and their ocean homes.

Join Oceanic Society’s global community to be a part of the growing movement to protect our oceans.

At Oceanic Society, we believe that protecting the ocean is one of the greatest legacies a person can leave. Planned gifts of all sizes help us safeguard endangered sea turtles, reduce ocean plastic pollution, support underserved youth in the San Francisco Bay Area, and promote the long-term health of our blue planet.

Why Planned Giving Matters

Planned giving is a powerful and accessible way to make a meaningful impact, without affecting your finances during your lifetime. By allocating a portion of your estate to Oceanic Society, you can fuel decades of ocean conservation.
Whether you’re a lifelong ocean lover, an avid traveler, an educator, or someone just starting your career, legacy giving allows you to:

• Align your values with your long-term impact
• Support programs that protect marine wildlife and coastal communities
• Create measurable, lasting change for future generations

Nancy’s Story: A Legacy That Still Makes Waves

One of the most inspiring examples of ocean legacy giving comes from Nancy Wotkyns, a dedicated Oceanic Society traveler and sea turtle enthusiast. Nancy lived simply, gave what she could during her lifetime, and remained deeply committed to the causes she loved. By including Oceanic Society in her will and naming us as the beneficiary of her life insurance policy, Nancy created one of the most significant planned gifts in our history.

A dedicated Oceanic Society traveler and sea turtle enthusiast, Nancy Wotkyns made Oceanic Society part of her estate plans, providing generous support that continues to fund our sea turtle conservation programs today.

Her generosity continues to fund our sea turtle conservation programs and community engagement efforts today, a testament to the enduring impact one person can make.

Nancy’s story reminds us that you don’t need vast resources to leave a meaningful legacy. Planned giving allows anyone to align their values with their legacy and create meaningful change.

How Your Gift Can Make a Difference

Your legacy gift can help:

• Protect endangered species like sea turtles and whales
• Empower coastal communities through sustainable livelihoods
• Connect underserved students in the Bay Area to the ocean
• Reduce ocean plastic pollution through global campaigns

Every planned gift, no matter the size, is an investment in ocean health, community wellbeing, and a more sustainable future.

3 Simple Steps to Create Your Ocean Legacy

1. Choose Your Gift Type: Include Oceanic Society in your will or trust, or name us as a beneficiary of your retirement plan or life insurance.
2. Contact Us for Guidance: We’re happy to help you explore your options and ensure your gift aligns with your wishes. Get in touch.
3. Complete Your Legal Documents: Work with your estate planner or use a free will-making tool to finalize your plans.

Explore our legacy giving resources to learn more.

Join the Oceanic Legacy Society

When you include Oceanic Society in your estate plans, you become part of our Oceanic Legacy Society, a community of visionary supporters who are making long-term commitments to ocean health.

Members may choose to be recognized publicly or privately, but all receive our lasting gratitude for their vision and generosity.

Already included us in your plans? Let us know so we can thank you and welcome you into the Oceanic Legacy Society.

Your Values. Your Legacy. A Healthier Ocean.

Making a will is a deeply personal act, and an incredible opportunity to extend your values far beyond your lifetime. Whether you’re giving back to the places you’ve traveled, supporting the next generation of ocean stewards, or simply protecting the ocean you love, a planned gift ensures your story continues to make waves.

Together, we can build a more oceanic society, for today, tomorrow, and generations to come.